Category: Portfolio Management

The Rules, Part XXVIII

The Rules, Part XXVIII

Rebalancing of any sort in investing presumes an underlying stability to the economic system, and thus, market returns.? Rebalancing will not protect against socialism, war, or an overleveraged position.

The concept of rebalancing requires the idea of reversion to mean.? It will not protect you when profound shifts are happening, where the market are moving to a new equilibrium different from the old one.

Many shifts in the markets are precipitous; they don’t allow for slow adjustment.? That’s why many lose out when sharp shifts occur.? Especially in leveraged positions, the question comes: “Do I take my loss, invest more, or just let it ride?”

The best answer is forward-looking, only asking what is most likely.? The best preparation is also forward-looking, but with a glance to the past, asking what could happen at worst, which is worse than the worst of the past.

There are times when it seems that stability is no more, or that the boundaries for stability are far larger than normal, such as now.?? At such a time, it may pay to follow market trends, realizing that there many participants like you that are struggling to figure out the situation that everyone is in.

The point is to be forward-looking.? Ignore the past.? Ask what is most promising over your favored time-horizon.

So when it makes sense, add to a position that has lost money.? When it doesn’t make sense, sell the whole position and realize the loss.? Could this be simpler?

Stock Idea Series

Stock Idea Series

Every now and then an idea strikes me, and I wonder if it would be worth trying.? Here’s one: much of the stuff that passes for analysis of stocks on the web leaves me cold.? It feels like a computer spit out a few ratios, with standard verbiage.

What if I chose some stocks at random, and analyzed them?

I set up a random selector for 10 stocks relative to their market capitalization.? My first group of 10 came out as follows:

  1. Sun Life Financial Inc. (USA)
  2. Vodafone Group Plc (ADR)
  3. ORIX Corporation (ADR)
  4. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.
  5. Nippon Telegraph & Telephone C
  6. Ms&Ad Insurance Group Holding
  7. National Grid plc (ADR)
  8. Greenhill & Co., Inc.
  9. Carnival Corporation
  10. TTM Technologies, Inc.

I’ve heard of #10, but don’t know what it does.? I have not heard of #6, despite my knowledge of the insurance industry.? The other 8 I know something about.? My inclination would be to go for the ones I know nothing about.? Odds are there is no coverage of them at all, at least in the US.? I would likely choose #6.? So what is it?

MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings, Inc. is a Japan-based holding company. Through its subsidiaries and associated companies, the Company operates four business segments in both domestic and overseas markets. The Domestic Non-Life Insurance segment is engaged in non-life insurance businesses. The Domestic Life Insurance segment is engaged in the life insurance businesses. The Overseas segment is engaged in the overseas related businesses. The Financial Service and Risk Related segment is involved in two divisions. The financial service division is engaged in the asset management, financial security, 401 k, alternative risk transfer (ART), personal loan and venture capital businesses. The risk related service division is engaged in the risk management, nursing care and asset evaluation businesses, among others. As of March 31, 2011, the Company had 121 subsidiaries and 28 associated companies.

It’s not a small company.? The market cap is $11 billion.? This one seems complex — looks like fun. 🙂

Run the random selector again, and I get this:

  1. Gladstone Commercial Corporati
  2. Alliant Techsystems Inc.
  3. Cemex SAB de CV (ADR)
  4. 3D Systems Corporation
  5. Canandaigua National Corporati
  6. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
  7. PHI Inc.
  8. Royal Bank of Canada (USA)
  9. Edison International
  10. Rayonier Inc.

I know something about 7 out of 10. Numbers 1, 4, and 5 are a mystery to me, and respectively, they are a REIT, a 3D printer company, and a small bank holding company.? I would probably choose #4 for the analysis, because it is more fun for me to analyze a nonfinancial company.? Maybe I should choose differently because I understand financials better than many.? Advice is requested.

I filter out companies with less than $10 million of market cap, and CEFs & ETFs.? Now, I’m not sure how much time it would take me to write these out.? If it’s too much, I won’t do it.? But if I did do it, how much interest would you have?

Now, the natural inclination is for those with some interest to write me, and those with no interest to be silent.? I’d really like to hear from those with no interest.? Regardless, let me know in the comments section.? Thanks.

Industry Ranks January 2012

Industry Ranks January 2012

I?m working on my quarterly reshaping ? where I choose new companies to enter my portfolio.? The first part of this is industry analysis.

My main industry model is illustrated in the graphic.? Green industries are cold.? Red industries are hot.? If you like to play momentum, look at the red zone, and ask the question, ?Where are trends under-discounted??? Price momentum tends to persist, but look for areas where it might be even better in the near term.

If you are a value player, look at the green zone, and ask where trends are over-discounted.? Yes, things are bad, but are they all that bad?? Perhaps the is room for mean reversion.

My candidates from both categories are in the column labeled ?Dig through.?

If you use any of this, choose what you use off of your own trading style.? If you trade frequently, stay in the red zone.? Trading infrequently, play in the green zone ? don?t look for momentum, look for mean reversion.

Whatever you do, be consistent in your methods regarding momentum/mean-reversion, and only change methods if your current method is working well.

Huh?? Why change if things are working well?? I?m not saying to change if things are working well.? I?m saying don?t change if things are working badly.? Price momentum and mean-reversion are cyclical, and we tend to make changes at the worst possible moments, just before the pattern changes.? Maximum pain drives changes for most people, which is why average investors don?t make much money.

Maximum pleasure when things are going right leaves investors fat, dumb, and happy ? no one thinks of changing then.? This is why a disciplined approach that forces changes on a portfolio is useful, as I do 3-4 times a year.? It forces me to be bloodless and sell stocks with less potential for those with more potential over the next 1-5 years.

I like some technology names here, some energy some healthcare-related names, P&C Insurance and Reinsurance, particularly those that are strongly capitalized.? I?m not concerned about the healthcare bill; necessary services will be delivered, and healthcare companies will get paid.

A word on banks and REITs: the credit cycle has not been repealed, and there are still issues unresolved from the last cycle ? I am not interested there even at present levels.? The modest unwind currently happening in the credit markets, if it expands, would imply significant issues for banks and their ?regulators.?

I?m looking for undervalued and stable industries.? I?m not saying that there is always a bull market out there, and I will find it for you.? But there are places that are relatively better, and I have done relatively well in finding them.

At present, I am trying to be defensive.? I don?t have a lot of faith in the market as a whole, so I am biased toward the green zone, looking for mean-reversion, rather than momentum persisting.? The red zone is pretty cyclical at present.? I will be very happy hanging out in dull stocks for a while.

P&C Insurers and Reinsurers Look Cheap

After the heavy disaster year of 2011, P&C insurers and reinsurers look cheap.? Many trade below tangible book, and at single-digit P/Es, which has always been a strong area for me, if the companies are well-capitalized, which they are.

I already own a spread of well-run, inexpensive P&C insurers & reinsurers.? Would I increase the overweight here?? Yes, I might, because I view the group as absolutely cheap; it could make me money even in a down market.? Now, I would do my series of analyses such that I would be happy with the reserving and the investing policies of each insurer, but after that, I would be willing to add to my holdings.

Do your own due diligence on this, because I am often wrong.? One more note, I am still not tempted by banks or real estate related stocks.? I am beginning to wonder when the right time to buy them as a sector is.? As for that, I am open to advice.

Permanent Asset Allocation

Permanent Asset Allocation

Short run Intermediate Long Run
Nominal Real Nominal Real Nominal Real
Stocks + + small – big + 0
Bonds 0 0 0 + 0
Cash + + +
Gold 0 + small +
Short run Intermediate Long Run
Inflation Real Inflation Real Inflation Real
Stocks + 0 – small – big + +
Bonds 0 0 + +
Cash + 0 + 0 + 0
Gold 0 + small – small + 0

(Note: Nominal = Real + Inflation)

This article is meant to tie up some loose ends, and suggest the outline of what might be a clever way to do asset allocation.? Who knows?? At the end, there might be a surprise.

I’ve done two articles recently on the effects of inflation expectations and real interest rates on two asset classes in the short run — gold and stocks.? Tonight, I want to extend that two directions, to bonds and cash, and whether the effects aren’t different in the long run.

First, bonds in the short run.? Interest rates rise, bond prices fall.? Interest rates fall, bond prices rise.? Doesn’t matter whether that comes from real rates rising, or inflation.? That’s pretty simple, because most bonds are mostly interest-rate driven.

Second, cash in the short run.? Leaving aside financial repression, for the most part cash assets return in line with inflation.? Cash is simple… so what happens in the short run is also what happens in the long run.

Okay, now let’s lengthen the time horizon.? In the long run, gold keeps pace with inflation, nothing more, nothing less.? Bond returns rise if interest rates rise over the long term because of higher reinvestment rates for cash flow, and again, it doesn’t matter whether that comes from inflation or real rates.? Opposite if interest rates fall.

Think of 1979-82: by the time bond yields were nearing their peak levels, bond managers were making money in nominal terms with rates rising because the income from the coupons was so high, and it set up the tremendous rally in bonds that would last for ~30 years or so.

In that same era, stock multiples collapsed.? But eventually stock prices stopped going down even with competition from bond yields, because the earnings yields were so large that book values roared ahead, supporting prices.? That also set up the tremendous rally in stocks that would last for 18 years, until it finally overshot, giving us the present lost decade-plus.

But high rates, whether from inflation or real rates, presage high future bond and equity returns.

One nonlinearity here: in the intermediate-term, rises in real rates kill stocks, but rises in inflation nick stocks.? Why?? Inflation may improve nominal revenues at the same time that it raises the cost of capital, but rises in real rates indicate capital scarcity, raising the cost of capital with no increase in revenues.

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Harry Browne proposed a “permanent portfolio” back in 1981, composed of equal portions of cash, bonds, gold, and stocks.? Reading about the idea in Barron’s in the late 1980s, I did not think much of the idea.? I think differently now.? After my last few articles on related issues, mentioned above, I realize that each of the four asset classes react differently to macroeconomic stimuli in the short run, with a lot of overshooting.? A mean-reverting strategy has a lot of power in this context, and it is double-barreled, in that it lowers volatility and raises returns.

My clients will receive the full details on this as an asset allocation strategy, but my readers have enough from this that if you want to do a little work you can figure this all out yourselves.

All that said, I am surprised at how well the strategy works.? Too easy, and easy strategies rarely work.

Stock Prices versus Implied Inflation

Stock Prices versus Implied Inflation

Eddy Elfenbein wrote a good post recently on the stock market versus inflation expectations.? When I read it, I said to myself, “Wait, is the relationship between nominal and real rates really 1:1, or is it more complex?”? Though it is not certain, the regressions that I ran indicated that 1:1 was not falsified by the data.? The regression:

Inflation expectations determined the much of the value of the S&P 500 for the last nine years.

And you can see the relationship here as well:

The short answer is “yes, inflation expectations have driven stock valuations for the last nine years.”

I’ve been spending time on issues like this for a variety of reasons, and I’ll try to explain them in the near term, but that’s all for now.

On Insurance Stock Indexes

On Insurance Stock Indexes

I’m still toying with the idea of starting an insurance-only hedge fund.? I own a lot of insurers, and I think that I get the better of that market.

Where I have a harder time is with what to short. Shorting is tactical not structural, and I am less good at the tactical vs structural.? Having a tradable benchmark to short against would be useful, but what exists there?

There is one ETF focused on insurance that has any significant volume — KIE.? In the past, it was capitalization-weighted, but now it is equal-weighted.? That stems from a change in the index that the ETF follows, from one set by KBW to one set by S&P.

Personally, I don’t get the change, but here are my statistics on the change:

The “Old KBW” column comes from segmentation done by KBW.? The other columns are done by me.? There are some matters for judgment:

Do you include Berkshire Hathaway?? I think you should.? Do you include foreign life insurers traded on US exchanges?? I think you should.

I am also more willing to place a company in the “Conglomerate” category because of companies that are in multiple lines of insurance, without a dominant area of insurance that they are in, or, they have significant non-insurance ventures.

Anyway, the new KIE overstates the insurers in Bermuda and the Brokers.? It understates life insurers and conglomerates.

Aside from that, the new S&P index, being equal-weighted, is more mid-cap than a whole market index would be.? Also, if I put more effort into this, I would segment companies into their proportions, and there we be no conglomerates.

These may be trivial concerns to some, but if you are thinking of running a portfolio that might be shorting KIE against other insurance longs, it makes a considerable difference.

Goodbye 2011

Goodbye 2011

I tried to think of a post where I would bring out the best of 2011 economically, but the best I could some up with was, “It could have been worse.” That doesn’t convey much fondness.

2011 was characterized by using debt to “solve” debt problems.? Avoid default, extend the loan.? Or, let a public entity refinance the loan.

2011 was a year of rebellion — more pointedly in the Arab world, late to Russia and China, and lazy in the US.? Lefter then most leftists, like Marx, they assume that a wimpy “protest” will produce change.? Sorry, you have to organize, produce leaders, and either influence existing parties or create a new one, or, fight (of which I am not in favor).? If “Occupy” can’t do that, it ain’t worth a warm bucket of spit.

And personally, I am disappointed in those that have come out in favor of Occupy, not because their many contradictory causes don’t have merit, but because Occupy is so singularly ineffectual.? “You say you want a revolution, weelll you know, we all would like to change the world.”? Talk is cheap.? Disorganized talk and effort is pollution, not cheap; we would pay to have it eliminated.? Either organize, or be gone.

As far as the stock market went, it was volatile, but went nowhere.? As for me, I had my worst relative performance calendar year in 12+ years being down 1% while the S&P 500 was up 2%, with dividends.

The US politics of 2011 was nothing abnormal — we have had other periods of delay and intransigence, but few where we ran such huge deficits, and for so little good.? (Congress has not declared war, after all.)? Personally, I am for Ron Paul, not because I like everything that he stands for, but because his delegates have the best odd of deadlocking the Republican Convention, and leading to the selection of another candidate far better than the midgets currently out there.? Personally, I think primaries are overrated, and think we might be better off with conventions where parties analyze/fight over who would be the best candidate.

Never have we had a world so indebted, where there are so many fixed claims asking to be paid out at par.? The future has ugly surprises awaiting creditors — you won’t get repaid in full, whether by inflation or compromise.? Overages of debt clamor to become equity, and only such a change will heal the global economy.

If you are a lender, analyze your portfolio and adjust it where you can to the strongest borrowers.

But goodybye 2011, it was not a good year for me, and for many.? May 2012 be far better, and may we see orthodox policies triumph, even if prosperity lags.

PS — and eliminate or curb the Fed, please.?? If there is dirty work to be done, let Congress do it so we can vote them out.? Would that Ron Paul is our next President with a a compliant Congress that will rip out and eliminate our third failed central bank.? We would have some hard times for a number of years, but once they end, the growth would be strong.

The Rules, Part XXVII, and, Seeming Cheapness vs Margin of Safety

The Rules, Part XXVII, and, Seeming Cheapness vs Margin of Safety

The market takes action against firms that carry positions bigger than their funding base can handle.? Temporarily, things may look good as the position is established, because the price rises as the position shifts from being a marginal part of the market to a structural part of the market.? After that happens, valuation-motivated sellers appear to offer more at those prices.? The price falls, leading to one of two actions: selling into a falling market (recognizing a true loss), or buying more at the “cheap” prices, exacerbating the illiquidity of the position.

When an asset management firm is growing, it has the wind at its back.? As assets flow in, they buy more of their favored ideas, pushing their prices up, sometimes above where the equilibrium prices should be.

As Ben Graham said, “In the short run, the market is a voting machine, but in the long run it is a weighing machine.”? The short-term proclivities of investors usually have no effect on the long run value of companies.? Rather, their productivity drives their long-term value.

There have been two issues with asset managers following a “value” discipline that have “flamed out” during the current crisis.? One, they attracted hot money from those who chase trends during the times where lending policies were easier, and the markets were booming.? And often, they invested in financials that looked cheap, but took too much credit risk.? Second, they invested in companies that were seemingly cheap, rather than those with a margin of safety.

My poster child this time is Fairholme Fund.? Now, I’ve never talked with Bruce Berkowitz; don’t know the guy at all.? Every time I read something by him or see a video with him, I think, “Bright guy.”? But when I look at what he owns, I often think, “Huh. These are the stocks you own if you are really bullish on financial conditions.”

Yesterday, I saw a statistic that said that his fund was 76% invested in financial stocks as of 8/31.? Now I believe in concentrated portfolios, and even concentrated by sector and industry, but this is way beyond my willingness to take risk.? From Fairholme’s 5/31/2011 semi-annual report to shareholders, here are the top 10 holdings and industries:

Aside from Sears, all of the top 10 holdings are financials.? And, of those financials that I have some knowledge of, they are all what I would call “complex financials.”

In general, unless you are a heavy hitter, I discourage investment in complex financials because it is hard to tell what you are getting.? Are the assets and liabilities properly stated?? Financial companies are just a gaggle of accruals, and the certainty of having the accounting right on an accrual entry decreases with:

  • Company size (the ability of management to make sure values are accurate or conservative declines with size)
  • Rapidity of the company’s growth
  • Length of the asset or liability
  • Uncertainty over when the asset will pay out, or when the liability will require cash
  • Uncertainty over how much the asset will pay out, or when how much cash the liability will require

It’s not just a question of whether the assets will eventually be “money good.”? It is also a question of whether the company will have adequate financing to hold those assets in all environments.? For financials, that’s a large part of “margin of safety,” and the main aspect of what failed for many financials in the last five years.

Another aspect of “margin of safety” for financials is whether you are truly “buying it cheap.”? All financial asset values are relative to the financing environment that they are in.? Imagine not only what the assets will be worth if things “normalize,” or conditions continue as at present, but also what they would be worth if liquidity dries up, a la mid-2002, or worse yet, late 2008.

Also remember that financials are regulated, and the regulators tend to react to crises, often making a marginal financial institution do something to clean up at exactly the wrong time, which puts in the bottom for some set of asset classes.? Now, I’m not blaming the regulators (or rating agencies) too much; no one forced the financial company to play near the cliff.? Occasionally, for the protection of the system as a whole, the regulator shoves a financial off the cliff.? (or, a rating agency downgrades them, creating a demand for liquidity because of lending agreements that accelerate on downgrades.)

Finally, think about management quality.? Do they try to grow rapidly?? That’s a danger sign.? There is always the tradeoff between quality, quantity, and price.? In a good environment, you can get 2 out of 3, and in a bad environment, 1 out of 3.? Managements that sacrifice asset quality for growth are not good long run investments, they may occasionally be interesting speculations at the beginning of a new boom phase.

Do they use odd accounting metrics to demonstrate performance?? How much do they explain away one-time events?? Are they raising leverage to boost ROE, or are they trying to improve operations?? Do they try to grow through scale acquisitions?

Are they willing to let bad results show or not?? Even with good financial companies there are disappointments.? With bad ones, the disappointments are papered over until they have to take a “big bath,” which temporarily sets the accounting conservative again.

The above is margin of safety for financials — not just seeming cheapness, but management quality and financing/accounting quality.? They often go together.

Fairholme’s annual report should come out somewhere around the end of January 2012.? What I am interested in seeing is how much of his shareholder base has left given his recent disappointments with AIG, Sears Holdings, Bank of America, Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Brookfield, and Regions Financial.? Even the others of his top 10 have not done well, and the fund as? a whole has suffered.? Mutual fund shareholders can be patient, but a mutual fund balance sheet is inherently weak for holding assets when underperformance is pronounced.

(the above are estimates, I may have made some errors, but the data derives from their SEC filings)

Now, we eat dollar-weighted returns. Only the happy few that bought and held get time-weighted returns.? And, give Fairholme credit on two points (though I suspect it will look worse when the annual report comes out):

  • A 9.9% return from inception to 5/31/2011 is hot stuff, and,
  • A 6.0% dollar-weighted return is very good as well.? Only losing 3.9% to mutual fund shareholder behavior is not great, but I’ve seen worse.

This is the problem of buying the “hot fund.”? Once a fund becomes the “Ya gotta own this fund” fund, future returns on capital employed get worse because:

  • It gets harder to deploy increasingly large amounts of capital, and certainly not as well as in the past.
  • Management attention gets divided, because of the desire to start new funds, and the complexity of running a larger organization.
  • When relative underperformance does come, it is really hard to right the ship, because assets leave when you can least handle them doing so.? The manager has to think: “Which of my positions that I think are cheap will I liquidate, and what will happen to market prices when it is discovered that I, one of the major holders, is selling?”

That is a tough box to be in, and I sympathize with any manager that finds himself stuck there.? It can be a negative self-reinforcing cycle for some time.? My one bit of advice would be: focus on margin of safety.? If you do, eventually the withdrawals will moderate, and then you can work to rebuild.

Life With Wife

Life With Wife

My wife has only given me financial advice twice in my life.? She was totally right both times.? Now, she doesn’t have a financial bone in her body.? She was raised in a household where she never lacked anything, with non-materialistic parents where the father earned a lot as a nuclear physicist.? She was a princess,never having to worry, and married a prince, me, where she never had to worry.

As an aside, the father recently died, and he was quite a guy, but humble.? If you ever get therapy in a hospital that requires a cyclotron or any delivery device that allows positrons or any anti-particle to be used in surgery, my father-in-law was the brains behind it.? He was an amazing man, and though my wife is astounding, one benefit of marrying her was getting to know her father, who was an amazing man.? (Did I tell you he was amazing? 😉 )

Anyway, the first time my wife gave me investment advice was when I worked for the St. Paul.? My boss invited me to his officein early 2000, and handed me an envelope.? He said, “This is your bonus, invest it wisely.”? At that point in time, St. Paul was in the tank, and no one liked it much at all.? I took the wad, and put it all on The Saint Paul.? (My wife was amazed at the size of the bonus, but the bonus was given for keeping the company safe, not for making a ton.)

Eventually, it leaked out that I had invested so much in the parent company.? Members of my investment team told me I was a dope, and that the St. Paul was a lousy company to invest in. One told me, “No that’s not value investing, value investing requires a catalyst, and there is no catalyst here.”? (Note: catalysts do not always appear, and they can be expensive.)

Me, a value investor thought that buying a company at 55% of liquidation value, and a single digit multiple of forward earnings would do fine.? After one month, several P&C insurance CEOs announced that they were seeing pricing power, and the stock of the St. Paul rose 30%.? I could not sell, because I was constructively an insider, though I had no insider information.

After another 3 months, the cycle was in full swing, and the St. Paul’s common stock was up 80% from where I bought it.? At that point, my wife came to me and said, “You’ve been talking a lot about the St. Paul over the last few weeks, how important is it to our family?”? I told her, “It is half of our net worth.”? She said, echoing things she had heard me say previously, “Shouldn’t you take something off the table?”? I told her that I would.? I liquidated the whole position at my first opportunity, given my restrictions.? My gain was 95%, over six months.

As it was, after I did this, that many people at the St. Paul came to me saying, “You sly dog, you are a genius, but now we are doing it too; we are in this with you.”? I told them, “Aack, no.? Don’t do this.? You are buying? the top.”? And, wrong again, the price rose for a few more months, only to fall dramatically.

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A few years later, my wife said to me, “You keep talking about Wright Manufacturing, and how well it is doing, but how much do we own of the company?? I said, “You see our house?”

She said, “Of course.”

I said “Well, our holdings are worth a little more than our house.”

Beyond her ordinary ability, she asked, “Okay, David, but would you invest in this company to the degree that you have if it were publicly traded?”

I told her “No.”

She then asked, “then why don’t you take something off the table?”

I was cut to the heart, and I told her I would do so.? I sold half of my shares to the second largest shareholder.He told me that he would meet me at my office at Hovde.? After he got there he was amazed at me and said, “Wait, you are a smart guy, what am I missing here?”? I told him that I needed the money for the college educations of my children, so I needed more liquidity.

That mollified him, and allowed me to sell before the price cratered in 2008-9, as the company nearly failed.

But that’s another story, one where I bought amid distress, but not enough….

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I love my wife.? We just celebrated our silver (25th) anniversary.? She is wonderful in so many ways that I cannot describe here, and her children (and mine), biological and adopted would agree.

Though a princess, she absorbed enough of my ideas to counsel me at two particularly important turning points for the good of our home.? With the St. Paul, I probably would have done the right thing but with Wright Manufacturing, probably not.

So I praise her here for absorbing my wisdom, and applying it to me, when I could not do so myself.

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To bright people in finance I would say pay attention to those near you who don’t have your acumen, if they have been around you long enough.? They may give you cues that you could not ordinarily get, and it might just save your hide.

For me, this gives me an opportunity to praise the second most important person in my life, my wife, who typically has no impact on financial decisions, but at a few critical points did very well for me and the family.? She learned from me.

As for the one most important, that would be Jesus Christ, who many imagine they are honoring at this time of year, even though he never asked that his nativity be celebrated.? Just saying.

Returns on Equity Amid the Financial Crisis, Response

Returns on Equity Amid the Financial Crisis, Response

I appreciate constructive criticism.? I particularly appreciate comments at this blog, regarding my long article on how return on equity changed during the financial crisis.

The reviewer said,

In a world in which I didn?t have only 20 minutes to read, analyze and write about this paper, I?d like to think through his model choices. I would feel much more comfortable on this point if he accepted the Russ Roberts Science challenge and have a section discussing the process by which he arrived at the process by which he arrived at his conclusions.

Look, I have a policy.? I don’t do specification searches.? If I don’t get reasonable results in the first two tries, I abandon the project.? As it was in this case, I only did one pass through the data.? I was testing for the idea that state or national governmental policy might affect book or market value returns, after adjusting for market sector.

He later commented,

I?d have two comments:

1. What?s the point of decomposing them, then?

2. Can?t you just attribute ALL variance of corporates to ?historical accident?? Can there be no policy implications?

On point #2, I?d defend Merkel by saying that policy implications need a big enough sample that you can reasonably hold other factors constant. You?d need a dataset of every industry in every state over every conceivable macro-economic environment, then control for those other factors. Same applies for analyzing different countries.

The point of decomposing them is that you don’t know in advance what the result will be.? I only did one pass at the data (please ask academic economists what they do), in this case, it showed that after adjusting for sectors and general economics (time), the states one was in did not matter much, as those that did well did not move to seek lower tax environs.

The piece I did last year did not attribute everything to historical accident.? This year, I was surprised to find that few successful companies had not moved to lower tax/regulation jurisdictions.

I did not know what the decomposition would lead to — that was a major reason for doing it.? If there had been some indication that companies in the US sought lower tax or regulation states, I would have published that, but it was not so, in aggregate.? I does not matter that the result was ordinary.? Once I start the problem, if I come to any understandable result, consensus or non-consensus, I publish it.

Now in truth, I don’t think the paper was one of my best efforts.? I would like to have set error bounds, but I didn’t have access to good software.? I also would have liked to use a better database, like the CRSP database, but that was not available.? Given my lack of resources, it was the best I could do.? Anyway, anyone with more constructive criticisms, I welcome them.

 

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